The Historical Development Of The Juvenile Essay Example for Free

The Historical Development Of The Juvenile Essay The Juvenile Justice System was a creation of the Progressive Era reformist. Prior to this time there was little consideration for children as needing or deserving different treatment than adults. To tell the truth there was relatively no separation of adults and children up to this point in time. In retrospect it could be said that the creation of a separate stage in the life of growing people led to the creation of a separate justice system. So the creation of adolescence and its separation from the rest of society also gave rise to the Juvenile Justice System. This section of the paper looks into this development. As late as the eighteenth century children regularly participated in activities that would now be considered adult in nature (Empey, 1976). This included but was not limited to engaging in sexual activity at an early age, learning and using obscene language, drinking alcohol in taverns if not at home, working and learning trades and fighting in wars (Empey, 1976). In the United States there was little difference than the rest of western society. Colonial reformist saw deviant behavior as something to be concerned about but it was considered a critical social problem or a breakdown in the social organization (Empey, 1976). Basically they saw humans as inherently weak and drew a parallel between sin and crime and they treated either equally with the same harsh, usually public, punishments. But with the newly won freedom of the United States came a new perspective on things. With peoples freedoms being based on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, which had their foundations in the Enlightenment Eras philosophies, there came many changes in the way people saw things (Empey, 1976). People were no longer seen as inherently evil or preordained to a certain life path. Deviance was no longer equated with sin; it was due to a flaw in upbringing or other social problem. With these new philosophies dominating society there came a pressing need to most to change and revise the criminal codes of the past and also the reduction in punishment for a majority of less serious crimes. But even this did not create a separation of youths and adults in society or in the criminal justice system. That did not occur until the early nineteenth century when Progressive Era reformist were pushing for a  serious of programs aimed at helping the youth of society (Empey, 1976). Among these programs were child labor laws, mandatory schooling, kindergarten programs and increased intervention and rehabilitation for the wayward youth of society (National†¦, 2001). The backlash of several of these programs, whether intentional or not, was the stratification of our society by age. It is this stratification that latter allowed for the complete separation of youth from the rest of society during adolescence. It also led to the creation of Houses of Refuge and Orphan Asylums in most major cities. In fact by 1825 these institutions for juvenile offenders and other lost youth were common in most populous cities and states (Empey, 1976). It was the purpose of these institutions to act as a substitute for family and community but as is usually the case they soon became overcrowded and became nothing more than warehouses for these youths. By the end of the nineteenth century reformers felt even more effort was needed to solve the problem and more legality was sought to back their actions. They pushed for more power to interfere in troubled youths lives, they saw no need to wait until the child committed an offense before giving them guidance, and these powers were granted. Now a child could be pulled from any situation in which it was felt they were being corrupted or adequate attention and structure were being provided. These new powers and the increased emphasis of the reformist for a separate system for children gave rise to the Juvenile Justice System. In 1899 the Illinois Juvenile Court Act gave birth to the first juvenile court in Chicago (National, 2001). By 1925 a functioning juvenile court existed in every state in the U.S. except Wyoming and Maine (Schlossman, 1983). Empey, LeMar T.; The Social Construction of Childhood, Delinquecny and Social Reform in _The Juvenile Justice System,_ Vol. 5, Pp. 27-51, Malcolm Klein ed., Sage Publications, 1976. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine: _Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice_. Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control. Joan McCord, Cathy Spatz Widom and Nancy A. Crowell, eds. Committee on Law Justice and Board on Children, Youth and Families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001 Schlossman, Steven; Juvenile Justice: History and Philosophy in _Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice,_ Vol. 3, Pp. 961-969, S. Kadish ed. New York: Free press, 1983

Jet Engines :: physics jet jets engine engines

The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86.

Personality Theories Essay

Individuality is expressed through unique behavior, also known as personality. Personality can be broken down into four perspectives, psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and trait. Each perspective describes in detail what helps compare and contrast individuals to one another. Personality theories go into further detail from the perspective. Assessing personality has been around from years, yet it is still questioned whether it is reliable. Psychoanalytic perspective describes the how the unconscious mind helps mold personality. According to Sigmund Freud, this perspective thrives from early childhood experiences. Psychoanalytic perspective is beyond one’s control, because it derives from unspoken, unknown, and out of reach aspects of one’s life. For example, if a teacher calls on a student, but instead of saying the students name she calls her own child’s name. Freud would argue that the mother unconscious mind made her say her own child’s name instead of the student’s. Maybe she was supposed to tell her child something or do something for that child. Michael, a 36 year old man, has a habit of chewing on pencils. Michael’s father died when he was three years old, unbeknownst to him, his father had the same habit. Michael most likely picked up the habit from his father. Humanistic perspective is when an individual has positive growth through self-awareness or free will. Humanist ic theorist, tend to focus on the subjects positive aspects and what motivates them, whether than looking solely on abnormal behaviors. Through humanistic perspective individuals are motivated to achieve a greater good. Social cognitive perspective is the opposite of psychoanalytical perspective, by being influenced through conscious thought. With social cognitive, particular feelings or thoughts alter how a person reacts to certain situations. Karen works for a company where the Vice President, is less than personable. Whenever Karen is called to the Vice President’s office, she begins to feel worried. She does not make eye contact and she speaks faintly  when in the presence of the Vice President. On the other hand, the President of the company is a people-person. Every morning before he goes to his own office he speaks to everyone. When Karen is called to his office she laughs and jokes, and makes eye contact while engaging into conversation. These two examples show how Karen’s feelings towards the two managers decipher how she reacts to them. Trait perspective, involves describing one’s ind ividual attributes that make up their personality. For example Hector is kind, funny, frugal, yet loud. These are all traits that describe Hector’s personality. Theorist Cattell’s focused on sixteen different traits that he believed should be used to indentify an individual’s personality. Freud’s psychosexual theory, Jung’s archetypes, and Horney’s womb envy are three theories that have shaped our understanding of personality are. Freud, of course is the grandfather of psychology, especially personality theorizing. His psychosexual theory is broken down into five stages of development; oral, anal, phallic; latency, and genital stage. According to Freud, an individual develops personality during each psychosexual stage. The personality begins from birth and the oral stage, where pleasure or fixation from oral simulation. Anal fixation is during a child’s toilet training stage, here is where a child learns control. The phallic stage is genital focused pleasure. This stage is where most children discover their genitals. Latency stage is where same-sex friendships develop and children mold identity. The final stage, genital is during puberty. In this stage sexuality is abundant. Freud felt that each stage had importance for healthy development. If an individual spent too much time in a specific stage, it could affect him/her later in life. While Freud focused primarily on the unconscious mind, Carl Jung believed that individuals consciously motivated themselves. Any unconscious activities – instincts – are called archetypes. These archetypes developed universally through hereditary, surroundings, past memories, etc. Freud, mainly studied men, many may argue that his beliefs for women were inaccurate. One of the widely known individuals that questioned his understanding was Karen Horney. Freud believed that females developed penis envy during childhood, in which they wished they had a penises and form resentment towards their mothers. Horney resented Freud’s belief of penis envy by focusing on womb envy. This theory focuses on males  feeling inferiority at times because women can bear children. Assessing personality may seem like a difficult task, yet there are two main categories used: projective testing and self-report inventories. Projective tests are good when trying to determine an individual’s current mindset. Many have argued that the testing is not controlled enough to produce accurate responses. The Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test are two of the commonly known projective assessments. They both are used today, yet for more of a counseling technique. Self-report inventories are questionnaire-like test that allow the participant to select the best answer that pertains to them. The answers are then compared to standardized answers. Assessments benefit theorist because it allows them to easily evaluate subjects. Many question whether they can be considered an accurate depiction of personality, participants can easily falsify responses or the assessors could misinterpret them. Personality is what makes everyone unique. What motivates us to respond cert ain ways, or even if we are motivated altogether has been studied by many. Theorist ranged from believing that personality is predetermined either at birth or during infancy to personality being something that is formed throughout one’s life. Regardless on when it is developed it is easy to say personality is the core of one’s being? References Cherry, K. (n.d.). Karen Horney Biography. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_karenhorney.htm Cherry, K. (n.d.). Major Personality Perspectives. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/personality-perspectives.htm Hockenbury, D. H., & Hockenbury, S. E. (2014). Discovering psychology (Sixth ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.

Technology And Its Impact On The Advancement Of Communication

A network is a system of lines, wires that are connected to each other. Also can be known as the exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institution. There are many different areas when it comes to networking, such as, network design, business networks, social networking, home networking and so on. Each individual area has its own issue that relates to society today. A major area that is important today is communicating through the network. Back in the day, communication is vastly different than today. Throughout history, it started off orally; just by speaking and hand gestures. It slowly advanced to postal services, and first manuscripts. Eventually new inventions were made, such as the typewriter, telephone, and radio. Technology today allows us to communicate through electronics such as cell phones, social networking websites, and email. Communication has changed a lot throughout the years and is still used till this day. Development in technology is mod ified significantly in particular to networking that has resulted in the advancement of communication. The process of communication has evolved over the years. It is a way to be expressing, learn about others, build trust and relationships, and solve problems. Though it sounds fun and easy, there are many consequences that come along with it. This has affected society in some ways are positive, while others are negative. To start off with it’s positive aspects, there are many new inventionsShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Technology1022 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology affects every aspect of our lives. We as humans use it every day with little to no thought. Humans are becoming more reliant on the internet and other forms of technology to receive their information and communicate. However, the increase in the use of technology has had a negative effect on humans’ health and development and communication. Technology changes the way we live our daily lives, the way we develop, and the way we communicate. Technology is a double edged sword. The internetRead MoreThe Second Key Driver Manipulating The Spread Of Globalization894 Words   |  4 Pagestechnological advancements, include microprocessors and telecommunications, the internet and the World Wide Web and transportation technology (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2014). The microprocessor and telecommunication revolution is the one that cause the most significant effect which they allow users to communicate to each other through simple processes; these include satellite and wireless communication. Developments in communications and microprocessors have reduced the cost of global communication andRead MoreHealth Care Delivery System Of The United States877 Words   |  4 PagesCare Delivery System The health care delivery system of the United States is unique compared to the other developed countries. The health care system of United States relies on the development and implementation of new health care technology. The use of new technology in the field of health care will help to provide services with increased quality and efficacy (Shi Singh, 2015). The external forces affecting the provision of health care delivery also has an inevitable role in the functioningRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on Organizations1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Organizational Technology Plan: Since the world of technology is making the world to become a global village, many organizations and businesses are capitalizing on technological advancements to enhance their organizations. The impact of technology on organizations has extended to improve relations within the organization and improve the ability of the organization to serve its clients or customers. Notably, the influence of technology has extended to the point that its impacting the shape ofRead MoreTechnology Is Changing The Way We Live872 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology is changing the way we live as humans and it will continue to. It changes the way we understand our surroundings and how we interact as humans with one another. It influences our modern life in many ways and as it keeps advancing many are wondering if we can keep up. These effects are positive, negative or sometimes even both. Technology impacts everything, but it has a large impact on the future of the environment, education, our health and job s. The future of technology is moving atRead MoreTechnology s Effects On The Future Job Market1263 Words   |  6 Pages2017 English 12 Mr. Schneider Technology’s effects on the future job market Technologic advancements has become a very controversial topic as lots of people are worried to lose their jobs to robots in the future. There are also people that are optimistic about how these technological advancements can help citizens in their daily lives. A growing trend in the world has been the constant revelations in technology that has shaped the society we live in today. There have been many people who complainRead MoreUnbridled Technology1083 Words   |  5 PagesUnbridled technology There is no doubt that technology has advanced tremendously in the last half-century. Technology has provided extraordinary improvements to our world; being an endless source of entertainment and nonstop communication anywhere at any time. But are these technological advancements a good thing? The youth of today are constantly immersed in these technological advancements whether through cell phones, gaming systems, or laptops. As technology continues to advance it is negativelyRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society : What Is Technology? Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Changes in Technology on society What Is Technology? Technology is a body of knowledge devoted to creating tools, processing actions and extracting of materials. We use technology to accomplish various tasks in our daily lives. We can describe technology as products, processes or organizations. We use technology to extend our abilities, and that makes people as the most important part of any technological system. Technology is comprised of the products and process created by engineers to meetRead MoreTechnological Advancement And Its Impact On Technology975 Words   |  4 PagesChoose one area of technological advancement and the impact it is having on moving us toward a more globalized system. I believe that the area of technological advancement that have the most impact on moving us towards a global world are advancements in telecommunications. No matter what other technology advances we make, without the ability to communicate in real time instantly, we could not share technological advancements with other countries and people in other places to harness our collaborativeRead MoreChanges And Advancements Of Human Resources884 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been many changes and advancements in Human Resources (HR) since companies started implementing HR practices and procedures, officially into their business organizational structure. Some may recall a time when the Human Resource department was simply called Personnel. As with every aspect of business, technology has become an integral and ever changing part of the HR department. It now affects how companies recruit for open positions in their company and even how applicants apply for

Essay on The Pros and Cons of the Internet - 795 Words

Positive and Negative Aspects of the Internet The new age of technology was born late last century in the form of the silicone chip. Since this early invention computers have progressed in leaps and bounds from the very basic early models to the now very complicated and very powerful computers of today. In between this growth the Internet developed into a mega market where billions of dollars are traded daily. It is a place where you can pretty much buy and sell anything you can think of. But with the development of such a powerful tool there are always going to be problems such as pornography, hackers, dodgy chat rooms and authenticity of information. But like with any argument you have to weigh up the good with the bad, the†¦show more content†¦These programs are regularly up dated barring more and more inappropriate pages as the net is constantly growing. A major threat that nearly everyone who goes on the internet faces is the attack of hackers who can pretty much strike anyone at any time inflicting major damage and loss of money. These hackers are able to gain your confidential information using special hacking tools, this means they can get your credit card number that you gave out when doing online shopping and use it much to there benefit. These people are also able to create viruses that have the sole purpose of destroying and damaging your computer software. The â€Å"I love you† e-mail that was circulating the web recently is a good example of what people are capable of. Many people now days us chat rooms and the like to make new friends and meet different people. This in turn can create problems as there is a danger of meeting weird people who may want to harm you. They can make themselves seem to be different from the person they really are, this can be a real danger if someone decides to meet a stranger they met on the net as he or she may turn out to be someone you really do not like. Yet they could become obsessed with you which would result in a lot of fear and possibly worse. But on the other hand it can be a very good way of forming new friendships or relationships with other businesses that are on the other side of the world Although there are many threats to take into considerationShow MoreRelatedThe Internet : The Pros And Cons Of The Internet786 Words   |  4 Pagesboth pros and cons when there is a discussion about the internet. We can learn so much of what we can read on the internet. Which is great news considering most of us are using the internet. To prove my point we visit page 116 in the book The Shallows, the book supports our solution. Nicholas G. Carr discusses all about the internet in our generation and how we use it. He talks about the internet being beneficial for us to attain useful knowledge. He also discusses the cons of the internet in ourRead MorePros and Cons of the Internet2810 Words   |  12 PagesMinistry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakh British Technical University English Language Department RESEARCH PAPER Pros and cons of the Internet HUM 317 Spring 2008 Advisor: Balia Jalgasbaevna Jolamanova Done by Tikhonenko Christina Temirbekova Kamila Nadyrova Farida Supiyeva Nargiza Sagiyev Yerkebulan Group Friday 13:00 Almaty 2008 Acknowledgements We thank all people who helped us in this work, especially BaliyaRead MoreCons and Pros of Internet16245 Words   |  65 PagesAccounting and Business Research, International Accounting Policy Forum. pp. 5-27. 2006 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors Ray Ball* Abstract—Accounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But mostRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of the Internet1897 Words   |  8 Pages The internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the world’s businesses, institutions, and individuals. It allows millions of people throughout the world to send and receive messages to each other, share information, and play games (Naughton 4). It was initially designed to aid the government and help people expand academically, but it is now becoming more commercialized and used in ways that it was not made for. The thought of the internet was first introduced in 1960 when theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Privacy1309 Words   |  6 PagesNow, the Internet is not only a way people access information, but also the net that connects them. People use it to communicate with friends and family, keep current events and shop online. The using of Internet sometimes involves personal data, triggers fraud and abuse. These are the reason people have laws to protect themselves. People now much more cherish their privacy, so the government takes the responsibility of establishing the Internet privacy law and develop them. However, the legislativeRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Internet1258 Words   |  6 PagesInternet has become new service for helping most of the time but, there are certain occasions where it becomes a nuisance The internet has become a very popular tool at the hand of every one who is a computer literate person of course, used mostly to get information, shop online and download files, music and so on. But while surfing the internet for appropriate or specific information, we often end up wasting time with unwanted jargons and reacting to scam. We shall discuss deeper into theseRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Censorship1042 Words   |  5 Pagescomes in many forms and for a lot of different reasons but when it comes to the internet, for the most part it is beneficial. It can provide security for sensitive material. The things that minors are exposed to can be limited. Also you can make sure that it is not used to cause chaos. Furthermore it would seem to be a beneficial part of online life. It can provide security for important documents and conversations. Internet censorship can help with cyber security when important information or secretsRead MorePros and Cons of the Internet Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internet is more popular today than it was years ago. As technology advances, the use of the Internet grows yonder and is an amazing addition in our lives. The Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of humanity. It is a global meeting place where people from all parts of the world can collaborate. Additionally, it is a service available on the computer, through which anyone who has access to the Internet can receive. The InternetRead More The Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Essays834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Computers have affected our lives in so many ways. To the way we finance things, to the way we find our future significant other. The outcomes of computers probably happen with in the last five years, give or take some. It had made people become in love with being in a virtual world and new people. That now in â€Å"real† life the people do not know how to act around not virtual people. In this report I plan to take a look at the pros and cons of meeting/talkingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Internet Has Changed The World1785 Words   |  8 Pages CHow the Internet Has Changed the World The internet and technology has changed the world and how we live in many ways. It has changed our daily lives and everything about how we share information. Some people may argue whether the cons outweigh the pros of the internet, but overall it has brought so much more advantages and opportunities for us humans. The internet has changed the world for the better because it has allowed research to be found at the click of a button, helped connect people worldwide

The Dissimilarity Between Working Mother And Stay Home Mother

Sang Min Yue Professor Dr. Rosalyn Jacobs ENGL 1102 24, April 2016 â€Å"The Dissimilarity between Working Mother and stay home Mother† During the early years of the 1900’s most women were not allowed to work, they also did not have any rights to vote. All the women during these times could only stay inside the house and take care of the familial duties and chores. Women were primarily cooking meals, cleaning inside the house, and also taking care of their own child. On the other hand, most of the men were kings in the household who were in charge as they are the main source of income for making money. Most of the kids growing up during this time period ensured to consume a strong family background because the marriage was everlasting one. Back in the day, the maximum of divorce rates was very low compared to a present day, as of now, but how is that the divorce rates are high in the present today? That is because of the authorization in the 19th Amendment which were giving women right to vote, as they became more self-governing (Harr is). Women did not just want to cook, and clean working as a house wife at home any longer, but however women desired to have a job outside just like their husband earning all the money and have a nice working life. They wanted to challenge themselves as they wish to follow their husbands footsteps, to prove that women can also do just like how the men does. Even though how women began to work and women equal rights movement have beenShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Inequality And Gender Inequality1678 Words   |  7 Pagessalaries increasing at a much slower speed than before and in 2014 women who had full-time employment in the United States in general remained around 79 percent of whatever a male individual was compensated, making a gap of 21 percent in pay gap just between gender. (By the Numbers) The Pay Gap Gender pay gap which is defined as the pay difference in men and women’s average incomes, typically described as either the earnings ratio among men and women and could be called the real pay gap. For instanceRead MoreBreaking The Mold : A Feminine Perspective1265 Words   |  6 Pagesto pursue Ms. Yeobright. To continue, many little problems occur between all the couples but, Clym Yeobright (Thomasin cousin) returns to Egdon Heath after working in Paris. Clym eventually marries Ms. Vye after she discovers the marriage of Wildeve and Ms. Yeobright had proceeded. In Hardy’s novel, The Return of The Native, the imaginative city of Wessex is critiqued with a female perspective in class, marriage, and language between both sexes. Before continuing, one must understand feminist criticismRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Cult Of True Womanhood1666 Words   |  7 Pageswere made. During the American Revolution, women were responsible for in-home production that aided the war effort, using their production as a means to contribute publically. As America transitioned from this period into the period of the Industrial Revolution, these widened roles became more restrictive, women were no longer producers, they were consumers, and it was not a common practice for women to work outside of the home. This generated an opportunity for women to challenge newly forming genderRead MoreThematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima1580 Words   |  7 Pagesand opinions that expresses an individual s personality. In Rudolfo Anaya’s bildungsroman, Bless Me, Ultima, the struggle between two families and their extreme differences cause numerous conflicts that are constantly present throughout his novel. In this ch icano inspired novel, Antonio Marà ©z, the six year old protagonist, is perpetually faced with instances of dissimilarity throughout his life that often make it a challenge to stand out instead of fitting in with the rest of the crowd. When AnayaRead MoreWhat It Means to Be Defined as Female in the 21st Century1803 Words   |  7 Pagesthe amount of roles she took on in the household whether it was cooking, cleaning, or simply caring for the children. On the other hand, society had associated men with fewer jobs in the home and more in the workforce. Granting those typecasts have improved over the years, there still remains an imbalanced gap between women and men that needs to be filled. The responsibilities of women and men in the 21st century refer to women taking over more â€Å"masculine† roles and challenging the role of femininityRead MoreTo What Extent Were Hitler and Stalin Similar?1405 Words   |  6 Pagesalthough he incorporated fear into his tactics of leadersh ip, like Hitler did, his actual claim of control over Russia was visibly dissimilar. Hitler’s early adulthood was difficult, after leaving his school in Vienna he was devastated by the loss of his mother to cancer. Shortly after which he was struck by another heavy blow, as he was rejected from art school and forced to give up his dream of becoming an artist. He was now very poor and living in a doss house with the homeless, it was at this time manyRead MoreWomen And Gender During 20th Century America3566 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction At different times all through history, working ladies were seen as shameless and unfeminine objects of compassion. A few pundits blamed working ladies for being careless moms. Regularly, ladies representatives were not considered important by their supervisors, partners, or society. Having a vocation postured difficulties for ladies because of their family obligations. Ladies were required to perform obligations as wife and mother, notwithstanding satisfying their expert obligationsRead MoreAdolescent Development And Development Of Today s Adolescents2986 Words   |  12 Pageseventually becomes starting with the onset of puberty and formation of career interests. Adolescence is typically split into three areas, early adolescence from the ages 12 to14, middle adolescence from the ages 15 to 16, and late adolescence that occurs between the ages of 17 to 19. Every stage plays a unique role in an individual’s development that marks various development milestones throughout the process of adolescence. Early Adolescence First of all, early adolescence is marked by the transition fromRead MorePoverty And Minimum Wage Is Low4438 Words   |  18 Pagescollege he/she need more than just a minimum wage job. We are poverty level because of our wages is entirely to below average, overwhelmingly, high-wage states are all for workforce being highly educated. There is such a strong and accurate link between educational achievements of the workforce in the state and median wages in the state. Any state can increase the strength of its economics and its ability to grow as well as attract employers that are high-wage by increasing the sum of workers thatRead MoreBenefits Of The Wage Separation2811 Words   |  12 PagesWage separation exists when specialists are just as qualified and perform the same work however one gathering of laborers is paid more than an alternate. Truly, wage segregation has favored men over likewise qualified ladies. Salary uniqueness between sexes originates from courses of action that focus the nature of occupations and income connected with employments. Profit connected with occupations will result in wage imbalance to take structure in the situation of people into specific employments

Corporate Volkswagen Emission Scandal

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Volkswagen Emission Scandal. Answer: Introduction: In September 2015, Volkswagen was alleged by the Environmental Protection Agency of eluding US emission tests. It was observed by EPA that the company had intentionally organized TDI (Turbocharged Direct Injection) diesel engines, in order to initiate specific emission tests only during emissions examination in laboratories. The company had provisioned around 4.8 billion for cost replenishment that was needed to recall automobiles with cheat devices in millions. Ultimately, the company encountered a loss of 2.5bn in October 2015. Furthermore, as the company utilized the defeat device on its four-lakh vehicles to cheat emission tests, EPA also imposed a huge penalty of $37500 per vehicle for contravention of regulations (Spence, 2015). This led to the decline of the companys stock by 20%, together with the resignation of the companys CEO. As a result of the scandal, VW became the soft target of the regulators in various countries. The stock price plunged more than 1/3rd as the company has to announce a quarterly loss of 2.5 billion. The negative influences surpassed the very thinking. The awareness of the scandal raised strong concerns over pollution being emitted from the cars and questioned the ethical validity. Ethical issues The scandal of Volkswagen can be evaluated as a business ethics case and can be said to be a deception or an issue in terms of sustainability. It is even a case of leadership, corporate governance, culture, etc. Specifically, it is an issue of CSR because the social responsibility of the company that comprises of customer and public, regulators manipulation, the responsibility of the environment like pollution, standards of emission and economic responsibility like fall in the price value, fall in the value of stocks, etc (Jonsson et. al, 2009). The first ethical issue arising from the Volkswagen case is not only the disregard of EPA laws and regulations but also the invention of a device to get rid of them effectively. Furthermore, the company did not take proper steps to control the massive amounts of nitrogen oxides that were emitted by its vehicles into the environment (Nelson, 2016). Furthermore, this intentional scandal surely goes against their own values of establishing a gre ener vehicle. Last, but not the least, the major stakeholders of the company was also badly affected due to such scandal. These include shareholders, employees, management, car owners, and the diesel industry as a whole (Suddaby Greenwood, 2005). These issues clearly suggest that Volkswagen contravened the principles of ethics, which was initially approved by the company itself. However, it failed to do so, thereby disrupting the smooth performance within the company by attracting penal provisions and terminating employer-employee relationship as a whole (Volkswagen, 2015). Norms, Principles, and Values There are various norms, principles, and values relevant to the scandal. Firstly is justice wherein the company cheated the consumers because they paid a premium for vehicles, which let out fewer emissions. However, it turned out to be the opposite as emissions were 40 times more. Secondly is the responsibility factor, which states that despite owing a significant responsibility towards the society and the environment, the company did not take due steps to fulfill its duties (Das, 2013). Thirdly is the autonomy factor wherein the manufacturers of the device were incapable to make self-ethical decisions due to extreme pressures from the management. Last is beneficence wherein the company only gave due priority to itself and did not offer help or advantage to its consumers (Klinger, 2016). Stakeholders and their concerns Many stakeholders like customers, partners, society, and the capital market were negatively influenced by the Volkswagen scandal. The consumers were betrayed because of the tarnished brand image of the company that turned out to be a major scam. The immediate impacts of the scandal could be easily observable when the company shares depreciated by one-third (Freeman Harrison, 2010). Hence, in relation to investors and shareholders, this was a key setback for them because they had asserted extreme trust, huge funds, and hopes into the company, thereby making way for the loss of confidence and sentiments of these stakeholders (Fracarolli Lee, 2016). In addition, stakeholders like employees, suppliers, and business partners of the company significantly give priority to health, income, customer satisfaction, and unprejudiced opportunities (Ballou et. al, 2006). Even these concerns were influenced because of the uncertainty regarding the companys performance. The concerns of society that includes municipal authorities, law framers etc have also been observed to concur in terms of climate, environment safeguarding, and vehicle safety (Klinger, 2016). Thus, the concerns of all these stakeholders have been highly put at stake by the scandal. Reason behind the scandal According to various studies, when the company promised public of a new diesel line car that is fuel efficient, green, and would offer better performance, it had little knowledge of what will happen in the future (DeVilliers Van, 2011). It invested billions of euros to develop such a technology that would outperform other competitors, but sooner it started facing various difficulties. Along the path, delays started happening in the development of such technology and the downstream leaders were terrified of mentioning issues about the project to their bosses (Fracarolli Lee, 2016). Hence, the engineers were left with no option than to develop a program that could just falsely pass the test for regulatory certification. However, this implies that the cars were neither in compliance with the law nor it delivered performance that was marketed by the company. This states that the senior leaders must have developed a sense of fear that paved way for such a disaster. Hence, accounting issues like imposition of fine up to $18 billion on the company, 2.5billion loss due to the scandal that led to the decline in the company shares by 20%, decline meant of goodwill and trust leading towards destruction of brand image, and strength and sales as a whole, etc had to be encountered by the company. It does not matter whether it was intentional or unintentional because corporate ethics is very vital for effective results (Balbir, 2016). CSR (Corporate Sustainability Reporting) The VW scandal highlights various portions of the advantages of CSR reporting. It suggests that CSR may be very significant and improving for the companies. As per the CSR reports since 1990, it has been observed that companies have been more transparent in relation to human rights, environmental practices, and impacts. However, Volkswagen had failed to adopt such reporting, thereby leading towards various difficulties. The depreciation of the companys shares clearly highlights the significance of CSR reporting by depicting the dangers of lying about social attributes (Nzuve, 2011). Therefore, the company must accept its responsibility for which it was liable and reporting is its primary duty, even it is not compulsory (Elson et. al, 2015). Had it reported about its activities through CSR, the scenario would have been different. Therefore, it can be concluded that sustainability reporting must be regulated in the future, taking into account the recent corporate scandals. The Volkswagen scandal sheds light that both voluntary CSR measures and government regulations will be inefficient if the corporate managers do not establish significant assumptions about ethical conduct. As the government authorities cannot possess control over the companies behavior at all times, CSR reporting can distil that confidence that can encourage the public in relation to law compliance and broader social anticipations (Janssen, 2013). Hence, the entire idea of CSR must be enhanced, not disregarded. Both the directors report and declaration are essential documents incorporated in the annual report of a company. On one hand, the directors report provides relevant information about the condition of the company, together with its compliance with a set of CSR (corporate social responsibility), financial, and accounting standards, and on the other hand, the directors declaration offers the opinion of the directors regarding assured compliance under Corporations Regulations, Accounting Standards, and other consensus viewpoints of the Group. Directors report is relevant as it assists shareholders in making informed decisions in future. They can find out whether the company possesses adequate resources and whether it can make ways for further expansion in future. In addition, as directors declaration is signed in accordance with their resolution, they are obligated to ensure that the companys records are accurate and adequate through the introduction of proper accounting policies and co ntrols. Therefore, it is required as it establishes confidence in the minds of public that sound policies and processes are utilized within the company. The universal accounting equation if followed by Virgin Australia Group. The assets of the business are the resources of the company and are generated from two main sources. In short assets = liabilities plus the equity of the owners. Owner equity comprises of revenues, gains, and contributions minus the expenses, losses and withdrawals. KPMG audit the financial statements of the company. It issued an opinion that the companys financial statements were in accordance with the Corporations Act, 2001 and Australian Accounting Standards, thereby providing a true and fair view of its performance and financial position. It was also opined that the financial statements complied with the IFRS requirements. During the year, KPMG also offered various other services (non-audit) in addition to its primary services. These were taxation services, assurance services associated with debt raising transactions, sustainability, compliance with service level agreements, and other due diligence services associated with divestments, capital restructuring, etc. PPE (Property, Plant, and Equipment) is the largest asset owned by the company. Its opening net book value reports at $3,081.9 million while its closing value as at 30th June 2016 reports at $2,872.8 million. Furthermore, such PPE is stated at cost minus impairment losses and depreciation (accumulated). Here, cost involves the purchase price plus costs that can directly be attributed to the acquisition. This can accommodate transfers from other comprehensive gains on qualifying cash flow hedges on the purchase of PPE through foreign currency. Depreciation for PPE of the company is identified on a straight-line basis over its anticipated useful life. This is done after considering the anticipated residual values of these assets. In other words, depreciation of PPE is done from the date these are installed or are ready for utilization. Furthermore, when different parts of PPE have different useful lives, then these are accounted as separate items of the PPE. In relation to financed leased assets, these are depreciated over the shorter of their useful lives and lease period until it is assured that the company can attain the ownership by the termination of the term of the lease. The largest source of revenue of Virgin Australia comes from its airline passenger services. Such revenue refers to revenue from the sale of passenger tickets by the company. It reports at $4,194.8 million as at 30 June 2016 and it identified in loss or profit when the performance of carriage is completed. Furthermore, other ancillary revenue of the company consists of revenue from credit voucher redemption when the carriage is complete, or when it is not anticipated to be redeemed by passengers. It also comprises of revenue from airline services including freight, charter, product, unutilized carriage, and on-board sales (Virgin Australia Group, 2016). The net finance costs increased in 2016, as it reported at $169.6 million, whereas it was $93.2 million in the year 2015. The primary reason behind such increase was weaker Australian Dollar, the introduction of new financing facilities within the company, and increment in the rate of interests by the US Federal Reserve (Virgin Australia Group, 2016). Virgin Australia issued $529.2 million ordinary shares in the year 2016. This is the major reason why the share capital of the company enhanced by $158.8 million, in comparison with the last year. The net cash flow from operating activities reported at $198.5 million in the year 2016 whereas net loss reported at $224.7 million in 2016. The directors of Virgin Australia have not identified any contingent liabilities for 2016. Furthermore, as contingent liabilities arise from past events that can only be confirmed by the happening or non-happening of future events, the company could not recognize any such contingent liabilities. There are several elements of unearned revenue reported by the company as a liability. These unearned revenues comprise of revenues that are received in advance by the company and that has been deferred by it in its statement of financial position for the year until the performance of carriage is completed. These unearned revenues have increased by $51.1 million since 2015 as it reports at $990.4 million in 2016 (Virgin Australia Group, 2016). Furthermore, these revenues also accommodate credit vouchers, revenue from the unearned loyalty program, unearned passenger revenue, etc. References Balbir, S 2016, Do You Own a Volkswagen? Values as Non-Functional Requirements. In Human-Centered and Error-Resilient Systems Development, Springer. Ballou, B., Heitger, D. L. Landes, C. E. 2006, The future of corporate sustainability reporting: A rapidly growing assurance opportunity, Journal of Accountancy, vol. 20, pp. 65-74 Das, S 2013, Cultural Due-diligence for Global Operation: Basic Steps, Vilakshan, The XIMB Journal of Management,vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 12-20. DeVilliers, C Van S. CJ 2011, Where firms choose to disclose voluntary environmental information, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 504- Elson, C.M., Ferrere, C.K. 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